9 v 3 1 3 Fe b 20 04 A derived variable physical photon velocity explains the apparent accelerated universe without invoking dark energy

A variable c(t) has been previously proposed as an alternative to dark energy as the cause for the apparent acceleration of the universe found with supernovae Ia on high red-shift galaxies, but without an analytic expression for c(t). We have herein derived a variable photon velocity from the assumption of anisotropic and homogeneous universe which is consistent with being the physical photon velocity c(t) in that it uses physical clocks and rulers. The derivation makes c(t) = αE, the cosmic scale factor times the Hubble ratio in normalized variables. But a variable c(t) no longer keeps the Lorentz transform invariant. Instead, locally we have a generalized Lorentz transform and generalized Minkowski metric. By introducing a generalized time for which the differential is c(t)dt, we create a covariant derivative and a Minkowski metric in order to use Riemann algebra applied to Einstein’s field equations. With this we find that the Hubble ratio has the same dependence on the cosmic scale factor as it does for a constant photon velocity. Measurements of the fine structure in clouds of cosmic matter experimentally demonstrate that some physical “constants” do change with cosmic time. We use dependences on c(t) of various physical “constants” which keep a normalized quantum Lagrangian invariant. These explain the apparent acceleration of the universe found with supernovae Ia on high red-shift galaxies by assuming a flat universe with no other adjustable constants and no dark (vacuum) energy.